Demography of Europe

Using the app

Map. Click any EU country to open it in the side panel. Click it again — or the "EU total" button in the panel — to return to the EU27 aggregate. Colour reflects whichever indicator and year are currently selected.

Top tabs. Switch between the four indicator categories: Population structure, Births & deaths, Migration & diversity, Marriage & family.

Side panel list. Click any row to plot that indicator on the map and feature it at the top of the panel.

Trend chart. Hover or click anywhere across it to jump to that year — the year appears on the axis, and a guide line connects it to the value.

Year slider & play button. Drag to any year, or press play to animate through the full time series.

A note on "crude" rates

Several indicators here are labelled crude — crude birth rate, crude marriage rate, and so on. In demography, "crude" means the rate is calculated straight against the whole population — events ÷ average population × 1,000 — with no adjustment for age structure. A crude marriage rate, for instance, doesn't account for how many people are actually of marrying age; it's simply marriages counted against everyone, including children and people already married. That makes crude rates easy to compute and compare across countries, but sensitive to how old or young a country's population happens to be — which is exactly why demographers attach the word "crude" rather than calling it plainly a "marriage rate".

Population structure

Population on 1 January persons

Number of usual residents in the country on 1 January of the reference year — Eurostat's standard population-stock figure.

Population density persons/km²

Inhabitants per square kilometre of land area, excluding inland water bodies such as lakes and rivers where that figure is available.

Share aged 65+ %

Percentage of the total population aged 65 years and over.

Share aged 80+ %

Percentage of the total population aged 80 years and over.

Share aged under 15 %

Percentage of the total population aged 0–14 years.

Median age years

The age that splits the population into two equally sized groups — half younger, half older.

Women per 100 men ratio

The population sex ratio: the number of women per 100 men.

Births & deaths

Crude birth rate ‰

Live births during the year per 1,000 inhabitants (average population of that year). See "crude" note above.

Crude death rate ‰

Deaths during the year per 1,000 inhabitants (average population of that year).

Natural change rate ‰

Eurostat's "crude rate of natural change" — the difference between births and deaths during the year, per 1,000 inhabitants. Positive when births outnumber deaths.

Total fertility rate children/woman

Average number of children a woman would have over her lifetime at that year's age-specific fertility rates.

Mean age at first birth years

Average age of women when they have their first live-born child.

Life expectancy — total / women / men years

Average number of years a newborn could expect to live under the current period's age-specific mortality rates. Given for the total population, and separately for women and men.

Migration & diversity

Immigration persons

People establishing usual residence in the country for at least 12 months, having previously lived elsewhere.

Emigration persons

People ceasing usual residence in the country for at least 12 months.

Net migration rate ‰

Eurostat's "crude rate of net migration plus statistical adjustment" — net migration estimated as total population change minus natural change, per 1,000 inhabitants.

Births to foreign-born mothers %

Share of live births where the mother was born outside the reporting country, computed as foreign-born-mother births ÷ total births × 100.

Marriage & family

Crude marriage rate ‰

Marriages during the year per 1,000 inhabitants — "crude" because it's counted against the whole population, not just people of marrying age. See note above.

Crude divorce rate ‰

Divorces during the year per 1,000 inhabitants.

Births outside marriage %

Share of live births where the mother's marital status at the time of birth was other than married.

Mean age at first marriage — women / men years

Average age at which women, or men, marry for the first time. Eurostat doesn't publish an EU27 figure for this one, so the EU total shows "—".